Country (year) | Year first NSP | Number of NSPs (programmes/sites) | Types of NSP | Geographical coverage/location | Pharmacy involvement in NSP programmes | Number of syringes distributed through NSPs | Information on pharmacy sales to IDUs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Belgium (2003) | 1994 French 2001 Flanders | 15 programmes, 36 sites + 48 pharmacies. Expanding | Fixed, streetworker, pharmacies, peer distribution | All major cities with IDU population; pharmacy purchase no problem; 48 pharmacies involved | 40 pharmacies (Flemish Community) + 8 in Liège of total 5 200 | 522 000 (Flemish + French, 2002) | 28 000 (French) No data (Flemish) | 550 000 | Pharmacies are common source of syringe/needle for IDUs' | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Czech Republic (2003) | 1992 | Approx. 90 sites | Fixed, streetworker, peer distribution at 15% of NSPs | Whole country; 50% of IDUs reached | No | 1.5 million | Not involved | 1.5 million | 68% of IDUs also buy from pharmacies; for 37% its the main source | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Denmark (2003) | 1986 | No information | Fixed, pharmacies, machines | In 10 of 13 counties | Yes, but level of involvement unknown | National level: no information | National level: no information | National level: no information Copenhagen: 400 000 (2002) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Germany (2003) | 1988-1991 | > 100 | Fixed, mobile, streetworker, machines | About 80 cities. 1 prison | No | Not available | Not involved | Not available | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Estonia (2003) | 1997 | 13 (2002) (17 in 2004) | Fixed, mobile (van), including for CWS | In all cities with important IDU populations | No | Not available | Not involved | Not available | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Greece (2003) | 1998 | 3 | Fixed (1), streetwork (2) | Only Athens | No | Approx. 48 500 (2002) | Not involved | Approx. 48 500 (2002) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spain (2001 & 2003, data incomplete) | 1988-1993 | > 1 600 | Fixed, mobile, streetworker, machines, pharmacies | All Autonomous communities and cities. Prisons | Yes, 'protocol' since 1998. Major partner in national programme | 2.8 mio reported from estimated 17% of facilities (2002). NSPs in open drug scenes Madrid & Barcelona exchange 1 mio alone | No data | Reported total = 4 467 266 (2000) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
France (2003) | 1989 | Approx. 120 | Fixed, mobile, streetworker, pharmacy-based, machines | 'Whereever important DU populations are known'. In 87 of 100 Départements (in 2001) | Pharmacies in 20 cities sell stérikit. Involvement in free distribution: low | Estimated 3 million in 2001 (Emmanuelli, 2003) | 5.2 million (in 2002) via subsidised stéribox (Emmanuelli, 2003) | 8.2 million (in 2002) total NSP plus stérikit | 3.7 million sales that are not stérikit. Strong decrease from 10.8 million in 1999 (Emmanuelli, 2003) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ireland (2003) | 1989 | > 20 sites plus outreach to clients homes | Fixed, mobile, outreach | Eastern Regional Health Authority Area: Dublin city and surrounding area | No | National total not available; 16 509 (at one NGO, in 1998) | Not involved | National total not available; 16 509 (at one NGO, in 1998) | Probably very limited | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Italy (2003) | 1994 | No information | Fixed, mobile, machines (=75% of volume) | More in northern/central Italy; cities | No | Not available | Not involved | Not available | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cyprus | No NSPs |
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Latvia (2003) | 1999 | Min. 11 sites | Fixed, mobile | 11 cities | No | 94 000 (2002) | Not involved | 94 146 (exactly) | Negative attitudes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Lithuania (2003) | 1997 | 7 programmes | Fixed, mobile (=15% of volume) | 6 cities | No | 370 000 (2002) | Not involved | 372 676 (exactly including estimate for Visaginas); 367 012 NR | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Luxembourg (2003) | 1993 | 1 decentralised programme with several sites | Fixed, streetworker, machines | Specialised services in 3 major cities (centre, north, south); machines in five major cities | No | 254 596 (2002) | Not involved | 254 596 (2002) | Pharmacies are preferential source for 32% of IDUs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hungary (2003) | 1994 | 6 programmes, 7 sites | Fixed (5), mobile (1), machine (1) | Min. 4 cities | No | 56 500 (2000) | Not involved | 56 500 (2000) | Most willing to sell | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Netherlands (2001) | 1984 | Estimated 139 sites (in 2000), but absolute number unknown | Fixed, mobile, streetworker, general practitioners | >95% of bigger cities | No | Not available | Not involved | Not available; estimates of syringes per IDU per year range from 200 (Utrecht) to 1 000 (Delft) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Austria (2003) | 1990 | 20 sites | Fixed, mobile, streetworker, machines | 13 towns, 7 of 9 provinces | No | National total not available; most important NSPs 1.65 million (2002) | Not involved | National total not available; most important NSPs 1.65 million (2002) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Poland (2003) | 1989 | 25 | Fixed, streetworker, peer distribution | 18 cities plus region Slask, no national coverage | No | 455 338 at 23 of 25 programmes | Not involved | 455 338 (2002) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Portugal (2003) | 1993 (National programme) | 1 national programme | 1 238 pharmacies plus 30 fixed, mobile, streetworker. | National coverage. Prisons under consideration | Yes, main partner within national programme. 1 238 of 2 567 (48%) of pharmacies | Estimated 27% of total volume (722 000) | Estimated 73% of total volume (1.95 million) | 2.67 million (2002), decrease 23% from 2001 | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slovenia (2003) | 1992 | 3-5 sites | Fixed, streetworker, pharmacy | 3-5 cities (Ljubljana, Celje and Zalec; also Koper and Maribor?) | 2 of 262 pharmacies | National total not available. 205 000 (main programme) | 15 000 (estimate) | 220 000 (estimate) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Slovakia (2000/2003) | 1994 | 4 sites | Fixed, streetworker | 2 cities (Bratislava, Kosice) | No | 300 000 (2002) | Not involved | 300 000 (2002) | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Finland (2003) | 1997 | 23 programmes/29 sites (including streetwork and mobile unit) | Fixed, mobile, streetworker | 20 cities: 93% of cities with >50 000 inhabitants plus 7 smaller cities | No | 1.13 million (2002); increase from 1 mio (2001) and 550 000 in 2000 | Not involved | 1.13 million | 470 000 kits sold in pharmacies (2002) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sweden (2003) | 1986 | 2 sites | Hospitals for infectious diseases | Lund, Malmö | No | 110 000 | Not involved | 110 000 | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UK (2003) | EW: 1986 SC: 1987 NI: 2001 | Est > 2000 sites (1997) | Fixed specialist services, hospital emergency depts., mobile, streetworker, pharmacies, peer-based | Programmes in most English cities, coverage rural areas unclear. Pharmacy-based NSPs introduced in Northern Ireland in 2001. All DATs in Scotland. | 50% of volume; 75% of NSP points. | 13.5 million = 50% (est. for 1997) | 13.5 million (est for 1997) N Ireland: only pharmacies: 67.500 (2002) | England, Scotland, Wales estimate for 1997: 27 million (Parsons, 2002) In 2002: N. Ireland: 67 500; Scotland: 2 717 686 (strong increase); no data for England & Wales | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Norway (2003) | 1985 | Not available | Fixed specialist service, mobile, streetworker, machines | Oslo and most major municipalities | No | National total not available; 1.9 million at one specialised service Oslo (2001) | Not involved | Not available | Not available | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sources: National reports/Standard Table 10 of the year indicated; and Central and Eastern European Harm Reduction Network database as additional source in some cases. Emmanuelli, J. (2003) Siamois: Tendances en matière de réduction des risques chez les usagers de drogues par voie iv, In : Bello, J-Y., Toufik, A., Gandilhon, M., Giraudoin, I. and Bonnet, N., Phénomènes émergents liés aux drogues en 2002, quatrième rapport national du dispositif TREND, Paris, OFDT, pp 263-267. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||